November 10, 2024
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Un recorrido por los fantasmales pueblos salitreros abandonados de Chile

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Hasta 1909 Chile contaba con algo muy especial: grandes yacimientos de nitrato de sodio. También conocido como “oro blanco” o “salitre de Chile”, el nitrato de sodio se utiliza en la producción de fertilizantes y explosivos. 

Este oro blanco era tan valioso que provocó que Chile entrara en guerra con sus vecinos en 1879. En la tan olvidada Guerra del Pacífico o “guerra del salitre”, Chile, Perú y Bolivia lucharon por el territorio que contenía los minerales y Chile ganó. gran parte de la tierra en disputa.

A principios de siglo, las Salitreras de Humbert y Santa Laura estaban ocupadas intentando extraer la mayor cantidad posible de salitre. Se construyeron cientos de edificios y alrededor de estas ciudades se formaron comunidades enteras de trabajadores de América del Sur, Europa y Asia. En palabras de la UNESCO, se convirtieron en una “comunidad urbana distinta con su propio idioma, organización, costumbres y expresiones creativas, además de mostrar espíritu empresarial técnico”.

Pero algo estaba por llegar que cambiaría todo esto. En 1909, dos científicos alemanes, Fritz Haber y Carl Bosch, descubrieron cómo fijar químicamente el nitrógeno, es decir, cómo producir este oro blanco a nivel industrial. Fue desastroso para los pueblos salitreros, y a pesar de los esfuerzos por competir, hacia 1960 estaban totalmente abandonados.

Hoy en día, los restos fantasmales de los pueblos se alzan como ruinas oxidadas en el inhóspito desierto de Atacama. En 2005 la UNESCO las declaró Patrimonio de la Humanidad.

Visite Atlas Obscura para obtener más información sobre los pueblos fantasmas del salitre de Chile.

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